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Basic Question 0 of 5
First differencing in time series analysis involves:
A. Taking the logarithm of the data.
B. Subtracting the previous observation from the current observation.
C. Dividing the data by a constant.
D. Adding a constant term to each data point.
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Learning Outcome Statements
describe implications of unit roots for time-series analysis, explain when unit roots are likely to occur and how to test for them, and demonstrate how a time series with a unit root can be transformed so it can be analyzed with an AR model;
describe the steps of the unit root test for nonstationarity and explain the relation of the test to autoregressive time-series models;
CFA® 2025 Level II Curriculum, Volume 1, Module 5.