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Basic Question 4 of 7

First differencing in time series analysis involves:

A. Taking the logarithm of the data.
B. Subtracting the previous observation from the current observation.
C. Dividing the data by a constant.
D. Adding a constant term to each data point.

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Edward Liu

Edward Liu

Learning Outcome Statements

describe implications of unit roots for time-series analysis, explain when unit roots are likely to occur and how to test for them, and demonstrate how a time series with a unit root can be transformed so it can be analyzed with an AR model;

describe the steps of the unit root test for nonstationarity and explain the relation of the test to autoregressive time-series models;

CFA® 2025 Level II Curriculum, Volume 1, Module 5.